Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, which is vital for vision. This damage is often caused by abnormally high pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure or IOP). If left untreated, glaucoma can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness.

Causes of Glaucoma

1. High Intraocular Pressure (IOP):

• Caused by improper drainage of the eye’s aqueous humor, leading to increased eye pressure.

2. Genetics:

• A family history of glaucoma increases the risk.

3. Age:

• More common in individuals over 40 years old.

4. Chronic Conditions:

• Such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or migraines.

5. Eye Injuries:

• Trauma or inflammation of the eye can lead to glaucoma.

6. Medications:

• Long-term use of corticosteroids can increase the risk.

Types of Glaucoma

1. Open-Angle Glaucoma:

• The most common type.

• The drainage angle remains open, but the flow of aqueous humor is reduced over time.

• Often asymptomatic in early stages.

2. Angle-Closure Glaucoma:

• The drainage angle is suddenly blocked, causing a rapid rise in eye pressure.

• Symptoms include severe eye pain, redness, halos around lights, nausea, and blurred vision.

3. Normal-Tension Glaucoma:

• The optic nerve is damaged even though eye pressure is within normal range.

4. Congenital Glaucoma:

• Occurs in infants or young children due to developmental abnormalities in the eye.

5. Secondary Glaucoma:

• Caused by other conditions such as inflammation, trauma, or medication use.

Symptoms of Glaucoma

• Gradual loss of peripheral (side) vision, leading to tunnel vision.

• Blurred or foggy vision.

• Severe eye pain (especially in angle-closure glaucoma).

• Halos or glare around lights.

• Redness of the eye and nausea (in acute cases).

Treatment of Glaucoma

1. Medications:

• Prescription eye drops, such as:

• Prostaglandin analogs: To increase fluid drainage.

• Beta-blockers: To reduce fluid production.

• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: To lower eye pressure.

2. Laser Therapy:

• Trabeculoplasty: Opens the drainage angle in open-angle glaucoma.

• Iridotomy: Creates a small hole in the iris to relieve pressure in angle-closure glaucoma.

3. Surgery:

• Trabeculectomy: Creates a new drainage channel for fluid to leave the eye.

• Drainage implants or shunts may also be used.

4. Follow-Up Care:

• Regular monitoring of eye pressure and optic nerve health is essential.

Prevention and Self-Care

• Regular comprehensive eye exams, especially for individuals over 40 or with a family history of glaucoma.

• Manage chronic health conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure.

• Avoid using corticosteroids without medical supervision.

Summary

Glaucoma is a serious eye condition that requires timely diagnosis and management. Damage to the optic nerve cannot be reversed, but treatment can prevent further vision loss. If you experience any visual disturbances or symptoms of glaucoma, consult an ophthalmologist for proper evaluation and care.

Figure showing symptoms of vision loss in a glaucoma patient